Importance of People Management in Organizations

Introduction People management in any business organization is a main factor in determining organization success. The smooth running of any business set up requires recruitment of a substantial number of employees. To ensure a constant flow of business, it is important to understand the workers and handle them properly.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Importance of People Management in Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Managers in any business organization have been given the responsibility to provide leadership, inspire, educate and give confidence to the employees (Bedeian 2003, p. 124). Other managerial responsibilities include employing, deploying, evaluating and giving instructions to the workers. However, such responsibilities are not easy to undertake. Performance management Managers use performance management to measure employees output. An organization is always deemed to benefit from emplo yees’ integrated efforts. Efficiency at the work place requires managers integrate all employee issues to establish a positive working environment with increased output. To be able to establish a good working environment, a manager is required to establish good reward policies and motivation for the workers. Managers use performance management as a strategy to provide a foundation of reward policies. In this respect, employees that perform in consistency with pre-determined goals are subjected to certain reward policies. The reward policy should focus on developing the attitudes of the employees (Baron 2003, p. 89). This will increase motivation for working among the employees. For example, the best performing workers ought to be rewarded at the end of a trading period. The workers’ welfare should motivate them into providing their best. Recruitment and selection Recruitment and selection of workers is a vigorous activity undertaken by the managers that require profess ional expertise. Competent workers will provide high quality work at minimal supervision. The implementation of policies and strategies is easier where the workers are competent (Higgins 2004, p. 167). During job interviews, identification of the best candidates is an acid test for the selection panel. The panel should prepare an interview sheet that will define the exact potential of the job seeker. Academic performance should not be perceived as a major element during the exercise. The job seekers general outlook and discipline is important. Therefore, the selection process and criteria should include the experience and the general knowledge of the job seeker in regard to the job position.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Training development Training development is an important element in ensuring that an organization’s culture of competent human resource is mainta ined. Training development acts as a foundation where personnel are aligned with an organizations job expectations and goals. In recent years, the concept of training development has been used to instill motivation among employees. The concept has been instrumental in providing employees with significant skills and knowledge on issues related to their profession. Training development has been used as one of the basic requirement acknowledged by the management before an employee is promoted. Difficulties and mistakes in reward policies and motivation strategies A good reward strategy should motivate the worker. The reward should be given after a good performance by the worker. The reward strategy should be done regularly to promote the commitment of the workers. There are managers have no procedure or policy on how rewards should be given to the performing employees. Moreover, some managers do not deem it important to engage other staff members in a making critical decision during th e employee reward process. A culture of competition for the reward among the workers will increase the output of the company. A psychological contract makes the workers feel they are part of the business. In some instances, managers make the mistake of not establishing a guiding and counseling unit to promote the employees’ psychological contract (Baron 2003, p. 89). The frontline staff in a business organization is the employees who work directly with the customers (Graban Swartz 2011, p. 176). The frontline staff represents the organization when they interact with customers. The information given by the frontline staff is important to create and maintain the image of the organization in the market. In this respect, some managers lack proper reward and motivation strategies to empower frontline staff members. Lack of proper support and a training development scheme hinders the effectiveness of frontline staff. Moreover, the frontline staff lacks proper motivation as a resul t of the same. Lack or proper orientation during staff recruitment process is considered to be a great mistake in employee rewarding and motivation. Orientation in the company should be accompanied by the training development. On the same note, some managers make the mistake of not conducting proper employee performance assessment after the training development. Sometimes, managers do not use customer satisfaction as a basis of motivated of frontline staff members (Graban Swartz 2011, p. 176).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Importance of People Management in Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Managers also forget to use the working environment as a method of analyzing the Frontline staff. A good working environment stimulates the worker motivation towards the job. Health hazards and risks are reduced when the environment is good. The confidence of the workers is important because it makes the work ers free to deliver the best services. Recruitment of workers depends on the environment in the organization (Graban Swartz 2011, p. 176). A poor business environment will develop a culture of losing the best workers. Managers should develop management strategies that are results oriented with the consideration of the workers. These strategies can be; a proper communication channel and a staff- friendly culture. The components of a positive work environment culture are; self-esteem, reliability and honesty (Deci 2001, p. 105). Core values are better understood by the workers where there exists a positive culture. As a result, the judgment of the workers towards the customers will be in line with the organization’s core values. It is a mistake not to include teamwork as a method of employee motivation. Teamwork provides the business organization with the use of talents from the workers (Deci 2001, p. 105). The workers should work and assist where they can provide the best qua lity. The culture of teamwork will reduce unnecessary competition among the workers and give the business a priority. When problems arise the managers should solve it quickly without bias. Employee management is sometimes faced with a number of difficulties. The reward strategy can be a cause of concern by the workers (Ferrar 2006, p.189). The method used to determine the best employee is not always supported by all workers. Some will insist that the winner does not deserve the reward. Training development is a problem because it depends on the willingness of the workers. Also, different people understand at different levels. Another problem associated with people management failure of constant consultation within the business set up. A regular consultation is an important conflict resolution mechanism. Lastly, policy implementation is difficult especially when it is implemented during a training period. Workers do not like changes, and it will be difficult to implement the changes (Bedeian 2003, p. 124). References Baron, R 2003, Behaviour in organizations, Allyn Bacon Inc, New York.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bedeian, A 2003, Management, 3rd.ed. New York: Dryden Press. Deci, E 2007, ‘Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation ‘, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.18. no. 1, pp. 105-115. Ferrar, P 2006, The Paradox of Manager As Coach, Oxford Brookes University, New York. Graban, M Swartz, J 2011, Healthcare Kaizen: Engaging Front-Line Staff in Sustainable Continuous Improvements, CRC Press, Boca Raton. Higgins, J 2004, The management challenge, Macmillan publishers, New York. 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Punishment Essay essays

Punishment Essay essays The basis of criminal punishment that is used by the court systems today came from the foundation that was laid down by the ancient Greek and Roman philosophers. The foundation of punishment is to have the punishment be harsh enough to deter a repeat offense, and also to deter other individuals from the population from performing the same offense. However, when comparing the punishments of ancient times to the forms of punishments in the modern era, similarities will tend to dissipate. Ancient punishment was designed to give the public a view of what happens when a certain offense is committed, while the modern punishments are mainly to isolate the given offender from society in a reform atmosphere. In this paper the forms of punishment in ancient Greece and Rome will be compared and contrasted, and the forms of ancient punishments will be compared to how the modern world deals with its criminal offenders, and which one was more successful. The foundation of law was started in the ancient provinces of Greece and Rome. The philosophers Plato, from Greece, Cicero and Tacitus from Rome were the revolutionaries of the ancient laws. The main purpose of Platos thoughts were to find the purpose of punishment, distinguish how to achieve its purpose, and to make the punishment go along with the morals of the given society. Plato believed that the criminal derived pleasure from the resulting punishments of the crimes committed. Due to the beneficial experience of punishment to the criminal, the punishment worsened with every offense and if the convicted shows no reform from the non-lethal forms of punishment, that person would be sentenced to death. All punishment should have the purpose of deterring a repeat offense and should be harsh enough to discourage others from committing the same offense. In the early Roman era, Cicero felt strongly about the effectiveness of Platos ideals and beliefs of punishments. Cic ...

Procedural criminal laws of Hungary Research Paper

Procedural criminal laws of Hungary - Research Paper Example ather, the victory of the law is in getting people aware of the punishments prescribed in the law and getting people to wage away from the law (Graves et al, 2002). It is in this end that there are various mechanisms in place in the provisions of the law in ensuring that the rights of people are not unfairly abused. In Hungary, the Criminal Procedure Law is one of such provisions that ensure that all people who are accused in one way or the other are given fair representation before the law for them to be taken through the whole execution of the definition of the law. A criminal procedure law may be defined in the context of Hungary as a sovereign country as â€Å"safeguards against the indiscriminate application of criminal laws and the wanton treatment of suspected criminals† (Farlex, 2012). Subsequently, the criminal procedure law may be seen as a series of provisions that clearly defines the processes that an accused person should be taken through so as to ensure that he or she is not wrongly charged. To this end, the criminal procedure law makes justice available to all populace of Hungary as a State. Hungary as a nation has seen different stages of its criminal procedure law. The first of such criminal procedure law was the Criminal Procedure Act XXXIII of 1886; which was followed by the first socialist Criminal Procedure Act III of 1951; before two consecutive acts came into existence during the periods of socialism, which were the Law Decree 8 of 1962, and the one which is presently in force Act I of 1973 (Herke, 2004). All these c hanges have come about in a bid to making the adjudication of justice to the citizenry better and improved. Generally, the criminal law of Hungary seeks to explain and define what a crime is. It also seeks to define the appropriate sanctions that should go with various acts of crime. But as indicated earlier, the mere fact that the law mentions an act to be criminal does not mean that once a person is found indulging in the act,

Outline and evaluate Barthes concept of myth Essay

Outline and evaluate Barthes concept of myth - Essay Example Barthes was brought up in Bayonne by the mother and, periodically, by his grandparents. Barthes attended the Lycà ©e Montaigne, Paris (1924-30), and Lycà ©e Louis-le-Grand (1930-34). At the Sorbonne he studied classical letters, Greek tragedy, grammar and philology, receiving degrees in classical letters (1939) and grammar and philology (1943). In 1934 Barthes contracted tuberculosis and he spent the years 1934-35 and 1942-46 in sanatoriums. Numerous relapses with tuberculosis prevented him from carrying out his doctoral research. He taught in Rumania and in Egypt, where he met A. J. Greimas, then at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales. He was one of the founding figures in the theoretical movement centered on the journal Tel Quel. As the leading structuralist thinker, Barthes was highly influenced by Ferdinand de Saussures semiology - the formal study of signs and signification. He was a prolific interpreter, disseminator, and reviser of most of the complex theoretical concepts that circulated within Frances centers of learning from the 1950s on. Barthes was appointed to the Collà ¨ge de France in 1977 and was acknowledged as the leading critic of his generation in 1978. Aside from being the dominant theorist of the 1970s across Europe and America, Barthes made his influence felt in popular culture as well. He dies Mars 26 1980, due to complications after hed been hit by a van on his way home from a lunch with Franà §ois Mitterand in February the same year. Barthes is particularly interested, not so much in what things mean, but in how things mean. One of the reasons Barthes is a famous and well-known intellectual figure is his skill in finding, manipulating and exploiting theories and concepts of how things come to mean well before anyone else. As an intellectual, Barthes is associated with a number of intellectual trends (e.g. structuralism and post-structuralism) in postwar

Therapeutic Landscape Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Therapeutic Landscape - Essay Example Thus, intervention in the front lawn of the school should improve students’ wellbeing. The site should support students’ better socialization, relaxation, and learning. The discussed site is a large space (about 340 meters), and therefore has a large potential. It’s generally, an open space with a nice view to the lake into the distance. For this reason one feels relaxed in the site, but at the same time, insecure. Queen Str. road going by only increases feeling like exposed. It would be hard to make the site attractive for students because now, there’re rarely any students. Therefore, first challenge is to save an open space while taking away feeling of being exposed for students’ comfort. The site already has some plants growing, and there’re also some material objects. Growing grass, a few tamaracks, maples, cedars and oaks already growing make a good start for a picnic, relaxation, and gathering area. However, the challenge is that plants grow mostly randomly, without any use. Similar challenge is to deal with objects. Large maple tree has four branches around. They can serve well for a new design, but there’s also a memorial in the middle of the site. It draws all the attention, thus it’s a challenge to design new landscape around the memorial. Important is to keep in mind that the site is a part of educational institution property. Julie M. Johnson (2007) discusses specifics of school landscapes and says, â€Å"In school landscapes design qualities need to support meaningful experience for cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development†. Generally, the school site should serve for a better learning helping to relax after lessons, or to clear one’s mind in solitude. At the same time, the site should encourage students on group discussions and social activities (including ceremonial) etc. Johnson (2007) says it’s important for students to feel safe when doing any of those activities. School landscape should

Role of the Military in Establishing Democracy

Role of the Military in Establishing Democracy ABSTRACT Under the conditions of globalization the term governance does not point to governmental and state actors, but it refers to intertwined governmental and non-governmental, private, transnational, national and local actors and networks, which guide and govern. Efficient and democratic governance has become an intended end of the state for the external assistance provision, notably for the United States. Analyzing the changes within the Defense Department and State Department after September 11, 2001, the author argues that, by militarizing the civil spheres of assistance such as foreign developmental aid, the USA jeopardize the main goal mentioned above. There is a tendency in USA to equalize military occupation with the modern concept of governance, which is an oxymoron as the military is one among many actors of governance and it can support democratic and efficient governance only by the establishment of security and its own accountability. Key words: military, governance, USA, democratization, developmental aid, militarization, stability and reconstruction, security INTRODUCTION Moving a society from insecurity toward security has been a perpetual goal of every community in the history of mankind. After the end of the Cold War hopes were raised that a global security concept would emerge which would embrace political, economic, diplomatic and other aspects of security; instead of narrow, defense-oriented concepts aimed at exclusive security for states and alliances. The rhetoric of commitments to democracy and human rights has become a central issue in current world politics. The number of states ruled by the military has declined sharply, and the democratic control of the military, has started to become a norm. Between 1985 and 2001, world military expenditures declined by one-third; the arms trade underwent a 65 percent contraction at the same period. The concept of security sector reform is being developed by academic and practitioners as a framework for addressing the provision of security within the state in an effective and efficient manner, and in the framework of democratic civilian control. Simultaneously, globalization and growing interdependence have questioned conventional conceptualization of hierarchical dominance by a central government. Namely, it has been noted that large number of both international and domestic actors and growing importance of networks and other forms of interaction between state and society limit the capacity of states to govern in an autonomous manner to certain extent. Hence, both academic and practitioners have started to point out that more cooperative forms of governance are essential. Until the 1980s, the term governance was used as synonymous with government, but in the last two decades, political scientists and practitioners use it to refer to something broader. The new use of governance does not point to state actors and the institutions as the only relevant, but focuses on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals: intergovernmental or inter- organizational, transnational, or networks of trust and reciprocity crossing the state-society divide.6 Providing for effective and democratic governance has become an intended end state for numerous actors dealing with various forms of external assistance. Keeping in mind all these changes, it should have been expected that the military is only one actor in dense web of horizontal and vertical networks governing local societies, and that its role, as a hierarchical, top-down institution, is declining. This paper systematize opposite practice within the U.S. military/Department of Defense and the U.S. foreign assistance, and outlines possible consequences for democratic governance. After the first part on the concept of governance in various academic and policy context, the main characteristic of military doctrine, budget and procurement practice of the United States after the end of Cold War will be outlined. The next part will research basic documents issued by the US government after the 9/11, 2001, and elaborate gradual transfer of civilian responsibilities to the military in areas related to foreign assistance and in stabilization and transition operations abroad. Finally, the effects of military build-up after 9/11 on the transparency and accountability of defense-related matters within the U.S. and securitization of the U.S. foreign assistance without consideration for the democratic governance in numerous states worldwide will be elaborated. THE CONCEPT OF GOVERNANCE In this section the concept of governance within the academic and policy context will be defined, and the content of democratic and effective governance is elaborated. The approach toward governance applied in the US practitioners discussions related to the military and intervention will be presented. Until the 1980s, the term governance was used as synonymous with government. However, there are important differences in the current discourse. Anglo-American political theory uses the term government to refer to the formal institutions of the state and their monopoly of legitimate coercive power. Government is characterized by its ability to make decisions and its capacity to enforce them. In particular government is understood to refer to the formal and institutional processes which operate at the level of nation state to maintain public order and facilitate collective action. As of the 1980s, political scientists and practitioners refer to the term as distinct from government and as something broader, including civil-society actors, and the role of networks intergovernmental or inter-organizational (Rhodes); transnational (Rosenau), or networks of trust and reciprocity crossing the state-society divide (Hyden). The term is used in different subfields of political science: public administration and policy, international relations, comparative politics. Governance refers to self-organizing, interorganizational networks characterized by interdependence, resource-exchange, rules of the game, and significant autonomy form the state. Rod Rhodes refers to governance as a vogue word for reforming the public sector. Such approach can be placed within the filed of public administration and policy. Scholars in this field study the tasks, organization, management and accountability structure of the public sector. This approach is echoed within policy circles in the World Bank definition of governance as the institutional capability of public organizations to provide the public and other goods demanded by the countrys citizens or their representatives in an effective, impartial, transparent and accountable manner, subject to resource constraints. The World Bank subdivides the public sector into three broad categories: policymaking, service delivery, and oversight and accountability. Institution development cuts across all these sectors. The efficient governance is also related to this subfield, as opposite to poor governance, which the Bank identified as the cause of the prolonged economic crisis in developing countries. Other synonyms in use are good and weak governance respectively. It is important to note that, keeping in mind decentralization, transfer of authority to supranational organizations, and the delivery of public services by private actors, the distinction between public and private that characterizes traditional public administration theory is not clear. There is a baseline agreement that governance refers to the development of governing styles in which boundaries between and within public and private sectors have become blurred. The essence of governance is its focus on governing mechanisms which do not rest on recourse to the authority and sanctions of government. The governance concept points to the creation of a structure or an order which cannot be externally imposed but is the result of the interaction of a multiplicity of governing and each other influencing actors. The last two points are very important as they imply that military governance, particularly externally imposed, is an impossible construction. The term global governance belongs in the field of international relations and it challenges the realist paradigm about the states as the most important units and the international system as anarchic, as there is no government reigning over all states. Global governance is conceived to include systems of rule at all levels of human activity from the family to the international organization in which the pursuit of goals through the exercise of control has transnational repercussions. Or, it could be defined as a shift from hierarchical and territorial relations of government to polyarchical, non-territorial and networked relations of governance networks and complexes that are bringing together governments, NGOs, military establishments, and private companies in new ways, as a part of an emerging system of global liberal governance.15 At least three perceptions of governance can be identified in international relations: a narrow perception of governance that refers to practically all activities in transnational networks; a broader perception of global governance as a meta affair, the process of coordinating the sum of transnational and intergovernmental activities; and third, the minimal definition of neo-realism that equates it with world government and therefore dismisses it as naive.16 Another field which refers to governance is comparative politics. Governance is the stewardship of formal and informal political rules of the game. Governance refers to those measures that involve setting the rules for the exercise of power and settling conflicts over such rules. Within comparative politics, governance focuses on state-society interactions, and deals particularly with the role of the state in economic development how to incorporate societal actors in order to gain the capacity to formulate and implement efficient economic policies; as well as with the theories of democratization. Governance is not equal to democracy democracy is one institutional setup that may or may not be the outcome of processes of governance. Additionally, as some democratic societies are not very efficient, particularly in post-conflict periods, and an important dimension of governance is to provide goods demanded by the countrys citizens or their representatives in cost-effective manner, for the Western/liberal actors it is necessary to underline both democratic and effective governance as the desired end state. As it is demonstrated above, governance is a very complex and multilayered term; nevertheless, the approach toward governance applied in the US practitioners guidebooks related to the external support and intervention is quite straightforward. Recent The Beginners Guide to Nation-Building by prominent RAND Corporation, for example, threats governance separately from rule of law, democratization, development, economic stabilization, and practically equates government and basic service provision with the governance. The opening under heading Governance is as follows: Societies emerging from the conflict may be able to wait for democracy, but they need a government immediately to provide law enforcement, education, and public health care. Electricity, telecommunications, water, and other utilities also require a government to regulate them, and, in some instances, to provide the service. Sometimes the intervening authorities initially serve as the government The intervening authorities need to choose partners carefully with a view to creating a government and distribution of power that will survive their departure. Similarly, regardless recent changes in the meaning of the term governance, it is used with regard to past events, again as synonymous for rule/government: The idea that the military has a central and key role to play in terms of democratization and governance is not new. The U.S. military has experience in military governance in Cuba and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War, in Germany during World War I, in Latin America during the Banana Wars, in Germany and Japan and other territories during World War II. To meet the World War IIs requirements a Military Government Division was established on the Army Staff and a School for Military Government was created at the University of Virginia in 1942. Linkage of governance and military goes back in openly colonial times, as the roots are found in 1899, when the Bureau of Insular Affairs was created as Americas first colonial office, created to support the Armys reconstruction and occupation duties in the Philippines, Cuba and Puerto Rico. THE U.S. MILITARY AFTER THE END OF COLD WAR Within this section the main characteristics of military doctrine, budget and procurement practice of the United States after the end of Cold War are outlined, and security gaps within peacekeeping missions noted by the Clinton administration. By contrast to substantial declines in defense budgets and arms trade worldwide, US military spending declined by only 17 percent between 1985 and 2001. Actually, the United States moved from spending only 80 percent as much as the (perceived) adversary group in 1985 to spending 250 percent as much in 2001. While the world changed rapidly and radically after 1990, Americas armed forces did not apart from reducing in size. Between 1990 and 2001, the US armed forces bought 45 major surface combatants and submarines, more than 900 combat aircraft, and more than 2000 armored combat vehicles (while upgrading another 800). Defense Planning Guidance drafted in 1992 by Paul Wolfowitz, Under Secretary of Defense, proposed the following: With the demise of the Soviet Union, the US doctrine should be to assure that no new superpower emerges to challenge the USAs benign domination of the globe. The US would defend its position by being military powerful beyond challenge. The USA would act independently when collective action cannot be orchestrated through ad-hoc coalitions. Pre-emptive attacks against states seeking to acquire nuclear, biological or chemical weapons were desirable. The paper was buried during the Clinton administration, but still the Defense Department had basically spent the nineties buying one type of military while operating another. The military was split into two rival camps over decade: one that had to deal with the international security environment as it was (Military Operations Other Then War MOOTW) and another that preferred to dream of the one that should be. Or, in other words, during the decade prior to the terrorist attacks against the United States in September 2001, thinking about defense was driven by a theory about the character of future war rather than by clear visions of emerging threats in the context of history and contemporary conflict. Proponents of what became known as military transformation argued for a capabilities based method of thinking about future war. In practice, however, capabilities-based analysis focused narrowly on how the United States would like to fight and then assumed that the preference was relevan t. Defense transformation was firmly rooted in a widely accepted yet fundamentally flawed conception of future war: the belief that surveillance, communications and information technologies would deliver dominant battlespace knowledge and permit US forces to achieve full spectrum dominance against any opponent mainly through the employment of precision-strike capabilities. Readiness was defined as being fully prepared to execute the two-war scenario, although after 1989 the rising requirement was for a capacity to handle frequent and multiple smaller-scale contingencies of a complex sort: not just traditional combat missions, but also non-traditional missions, including stability and humanitarian operations. Despite that, during the 1990s the lions share of the militarys time and resources was devoted to traditional activities and threats. The vaunted two-war strategy made claims on almost all of Americas conventional assets; it dominated planning, training, and procurement. By the decades end, operations other than war especially peace, stability, and humanitarian operations were considered anathema.28 Baseline is that the military was expected to wage a major war (or two) against raising peer competitors, and no connection with democratic governance was established. In reality, the Clintons administration in the 1990s was involved in many peacekeeping or humanitarian interventions, within the UN framework or without it. Since Korea, the U.S. military has resisted performing police duties. However, it become obvious that the security gaps created during various international missions required putting boots on the ground, as actual security threats could not be eliminated by high-tech equipment pilled under the pressure of defense industry and Cold War era military officers mentality. The Americans had to press its European allies to provide police and constabulary forces for the growing number of missions, and frequently faced with difficulties. In 1997, the Clinton administration began an interagency effort to analyze and learn from the experience of the peace operations. The National Security Council (NSC) requested from the Office of the Secretary of Defense to prepare the first draft of a Presidential Decision Directive on international polic e and judicial assistance in countries emerging from ethnic conflict to find ways in which the United States could improve its capacity and that of the United Nations to rapidly deploy effective civilian police forces and rebuild criminal justice system during peace operations.29 U.S. military leaders believed that peace operations dull combat skills, expend resources, and reduce readiness; in addition, soldiers were neither trained nor equipped to deal with civilians. This predilection to avoid nation building was reinforced by the traumatic experience of Somalia. At the Pentagon, the majority view was that discussions on this topic were to be avoided, stressing a myriad of problems and uncertainties involving legal authority, funding, administrative restrictions, and interagency differences.30 But the assignment went to Office of Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Affairs in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, which believed that future peacekeeping missions were inevitable and that the Pentagon had a duty to provide clear guidance regarding constabulary functions. The process stretched into three years and only on February 24, 2000, Presidential Decision Directive 71 (PDD-71) on Strengthening Criminal Justice Systems in Support of Peace Operations was unvei led. It was under the pressure of the Department of State, as its officials were concerned about the UNs inability to stem violence in Kosovo.31 The Directive extensively addressed the role of civilian police, but also elaborated the understanding reached within the Defense Department on the need for U.S. military forces to perform constabulary functions during peace operations if necessary. Also, it provided a list of areas in which the U.S. military agreed it would cooperate and coordinate its activities with civilian police forces; and instructed the State to enhance U.S. capability to provide civilian police, including the increase of the speed with which is able to recruit, train, and deploy American civilian police abroad (through commercial contractors). However, at the time president Clinton left office, the efforts of assigned leading agency, State Department, to implement PDD-71 made little progress as differences arose between agencies with conflicting organizational cultures and institutional priorities.32 THE BUSHS ADMINISTRATION RESPONSE TO 9/11 This part analyses basic documents issued by the US government after the 9/11, 2001, and elaborate gradual transfer of civilian responsibilities to the military in areas related to foreign assistance and in stabilization and transition operations abroad. During the Bushs administrations first months in office, Washington agencies began an internal debate over the property of U.S. involvement in what were called complex contingency operations, stability and support operations, or multidimensional peace operations. To many it seemed safer and intellectually more comfortable to retain the U.S. militarys Cold War mission and to leave responsibility for peacekeeping to others.33 PDD-71 was abandoned and forgotten, so that even superb experts years later claim that the United States has been engaged in non-stop nation building since the end of the Cold War, but every one of this operations started virtually from the scratch, with little attempt to tap the expertise developed in the past. The terrorists attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, inflicted massive casualties, but could not be seen as a purely military threat. The response to terrorist threat has been possible within three layers: nonmilitary international solutions, military options, and homeland security measures. An examination of federal spending since September 11, 2001, in light of such framework reveals that in budgetary terms, military solutions are clearly preferred, even though much of the new money devoted to the defense department have little effect in addressing the problems of terrorism. Nonmilitary international measures are the clear losers of the budget sweepstakes.35 With the attack on 9/11 a new Big One threat was found possible pear competitions like China dropped off the radar, to be replaced by terrorist groups with global reach and any rogue nation suspected of supporting them.36 Global War On Terror (GWOT) was proclaimed, and although the Bush administration touts a multi-faceted campaign to disrupt and destroy terrorism worldwide one that balances military measures with diplomatic and economic ones, it has reached primarily for the handy one the military actions. Only after initial military operations quickly removed the Taliban and Ba-athist regimes from power, the disconnection between the true nature of these conflicts and pre-war visions of future war was revealed. Previous reluctance toward Military Operations Other Than War helps explain the lack of planning for the aftermath of both invasions as well as why it took so long to adapt to the shifting character of the conflicts.37 But how such adaptation to the character of the conflict has been carried out Alongside the threats to national security of the United States on its own soil, since September 11, democracy has become critical for the legitimization of interventions and post-conflict engagements. In the States it has been embraced by both supporters and opponents of Bush administration policies, and has become the proposed solution to all sorts of global challenges: terrorism, civil war, corruption, post-communist transitions, economic backwardness While the moral dimension of encouraging democratization through a foreign military presence is complex and multifaceted,38 or blatantly highly dubious, within this paper only concrete changes related to the U.S. foreign assistance are discussed. The U.S. arm sales and military assistance have been controversial form the aspect of human rights and democracy promotion for long time. However, the changes in these areas as of 9/11 are of major significance. Although weak and failed states are defined as a security threat,39 much of the expansion of military-to-military relations occurs with countries that fit the criteria of poorly performing states as determined by the UN Development Program, the World Bank, and Freedom House.40 At the same time, the bar has been raised for developmental aid, and weak and failing states are explicitly excluded from a new program which promotes development on the ground that the aid would not be effective for the areas of poor governance. Namely, The Millennium Challenge Account, proposed by President G. W. Bush in March 2002 and authorized by the Congress, promises to deliver substantial new flows of foreign assistance to low-income countries that are ruling justly, investing in their own peopl e, and encouraging economic freedom. More specifically, U.S. military and police aid to 47 poorly performing states, analyzed in a massive research conducted by a think-tank in the States, began to multiply in 2002, so that taken together these countries received 114 times as much assistance in 2004 as they did in 2000. The bulk of money went to seven countries classified as war on terror states Afghanistan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Indonesia, Tajikistan and Djibouti. U.S. government documents claim that an underlying purpose of aid to all of these states is to encourage human rights and pluralistic politics. In fact, on September 11 three of these seven countries were legally banned from receiving U.S. security assistance by Foreign Assistance Act which prohibited aid to countries whose government reached power through a military coup and countries developing nuclear weapons. Additionally, Congress had prohibited most aid to Indonesias security forces due to serious human rights concerns. However, the Bush adminis tration waived these prohibitions in the weeks following the attacks on 9/11.42 The aid was channeled for various purposes, primarily weapons and equipment, but also even food, uniforms, and salaries for some militaries in Central Asia so unestablished, unprofessional or underequpped. Additionally, the United States trained 4.5 times as many military and police personnel from the war on terror countries in 2003 as it did in 2000, excluding joint military operations and joint training exercises, which do not appear in official reports to Congress. Within the same research, another group of 12 poorly performing states were categorized as strategically important: Georgia, Nigeria, Kenya, Azerbaijan, Ethiopia, Guinea, Eritrea, Cameroon, Zambia, Chad, Tanzania and Niger. The principal U.S. interest served by security aid has been to maintain governments friendly to the United States; these countries have something US whishes to protect natural resources, geographic location, or a position of regional leadership. The aid for these states in 2004 raised about 70 percent over 2000 levels. For majority of them the State Departments 2004 foreign aid request called for improving the recipient countrys ability to participate in peacekeeping missions. Peacekeeping means interoperability, i.e. that militaries have similar structures and training and use similar weapons and equipment. It benefits U.S. defense industries; and peacekeeping mission provides US with a politically palatable reason for maintaining close military ties with troubl ed countries. Transferring weapons and teaching lethal skills are less controversial for the U.S. Congress to approve, if the goal is to create a corps of blue-helmeted guarantors of human rights and regional stability.44 The adaptation to culture-centric warfare within the U.S. military itself has been slow. For example, the Army released its first counter-insurgency manual in decades and West Point has offered its first-ever class entirely focused on counterinsurgency warfare only three years after 9/11.45 On 28 November 2005, the Department of Defense issued Directive 3000.05 Military Support for Stability, Security, Transition, and Reconstruction Operations (SSTR). Military support to SSTR is defined as Department of Defense (DoD) activities that support U.S. Government plans for stabilization, security, reconstruction and transition operations, which lead to sustainable peace while advancing U.S. interests. It practically represents a new doctrine as defines a new policy for Do D. Stability operations are a core U.S. military mission that the Department of Defense shall be prepared to conduct and support. They shell be given priority comparable to combat operations and be explicitly address and integrated across all DoD activities including doctrine, organizations, training, educations, exercises, material, leadership, personnel, facilities, and planning.47 A December 2005 Presidential Directive was issued to promote the security of the U.S. through reconstruction and stabilization for foreign states and regions at risk of, in, or in transition from conflict or civil strife. The directives states the response to these crises will include among others, activities relating to internal security, governance and participation, social and economic well-being, and justice and reconciliation. DoD Quadrennial Defense Review from early 2006 includes increased funding for fighting non-state actors, new efforts to improve interagency cooperation, and emphasis on agility and speed to counter emerging, asymmetric threats; and plans for over 30 percent increase in civil-affairs units.49 It provides roadmaps for Stability, Security, Transition, and Reconstruction (SSTR), Irregular Warfare, and Building Partnership Capacity to address new military requirements and to advance them in future defense programs.50 However, while the directive demonstrates the importance of incorporating democracy as well as governance efforts in this work, it doesnt define both the Department of States and Defenses roles in these kinds of endeavors, along with how they can coordinate with other actors including NGOs, contractors, foundations, universities, and the private sector. The three roadmaps call for increased military involvement in establishing and supporting democratic and effective governance across the spectrum of conflict, but the concepts in these roadmaps are underdeveloped.51 THE CONSEQUENCES FOR DEMOCRATIC AND EFFICIENT GOVERNANCE Same important improvements have been made both with the military and civilian authority with regard to the involvement on the ground in foreign (AFRICOM), and the administrations Building Global Partnerships Act.55 Namely, the Office of the Secretary of Defense has developed a proposal, the Building Global Partnership Act that authorizes the military to do nearly everything it has done in Iraq and Afghanistan anywhere in the world, without subscribing to the human-rights and other restrictions that govern State Department dollars. The proposal reaches well past the Pentagons traditional areas: military-to-military training-assistance programs and weapons sales, and it would allow Defense to engage itself in virtually entire architecture of another countrys internal security. The downstream threat is that the State Department becomes the supporting institution for Defense Department initiatives, instead to formulate and lead the foreign policy according to its criteria and priorities .56 The Pentagons expanding foreign assistance role raises concerns that U.S. foreign and development policies are being subsumed by a short-term security agenda, that it will exacerbate the longstanding and glaring imbalance between the military and civilian components of the U.S. approach to state-building, and may undermine long-term U.S. foreign policy and development objectives to advance security, good governance and growth.57 Alongside relying more heavily on military instruments that on civilian ones, the U.S. approach is distinctive from many other donor governments, the European Union, and the United Nations, with regard to its underlying motivations. Whereas many other donors place the emphasis on foreign coherence for development that its, ensuring the alignment of national policy instruments to alleviate poverty and lay the conditions for self-sustaining growth in target countries U.S. engagement with weak and failing states is focused overwhelmingly on what might be termed policy coherence for national security that is, integrating policy tools to prevent weak states from generating transnational security threats that could harm the United States and its allies (rather) than on alleviating the structural causes of instab

Cost Accounting: Its role and ethical considerations Essay -- Business

Cost Accounting: Its role and ethical considerations Introduction: Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring, and communicating economic information about an entity for the purpose of making decisions and informed judgements. The major areas of within the accounting are: Financial Accounting, Managerial Accounting/Cost Accounting and Auditing- Public Accounting Managerial accounting is concerned with the use of economic and financial information to plan and control the activities of an entity and to support the management in planning and decision-making process. Cost accounting is the subset of managerial accounting and it helps management in determination and accumulation of product, process or service cost. Role of Cost Accounting: Increased competition and uncertain business conditions have put significant pressure on corporate management to make informed business decisions and maximize their company?s financial performance. In response to this pressure, a range of management accounting tools and techniques has emerged. One of the most important tools that a management can use is - Cost Accounting. Cost accounting helps management in making strategic decisions by identifying an organization?s comparative strengths and weaknesses and a better ways to use, improve or eliminate them. Cost information is used for many different purposes:  · Performance measurement;  · Cost reduction and control;  · Determination of reimbursement and fee or price setting;  · Program authorization, modification, and discontinuation decisions; and  · Decisions to contract out work or make other changes in the methods of production or delivery of services. Cost accounting provides various tools for example: Cost-benefit analysis, break-even analysis, and CVP to help management in making decisions. Role of Ethics in Cost Accounting Webster's Dictionary defines ethics as "...the principles of conduct governing an individual or a profession: the discipline dealing with what is good or bad or right and wrong, or with moral duty and obligation; a particular theory or system of moral values". Ethics are very important in any field. In cost accounting also ethics play an important role. Ethical situations can easily arise in any business setting when money is involved. . The whole Enron saga was the result ... ...g is an important tool that can help management in making informed decision. Though it is not legally required but still it is necessary to run an entity effectively. Cost accounting is turned toward the future. There are different methods of costing in Cost Accounting: Absorption costing and Variable costing. Both have some merits over the other. An entity can use both of them for different uses. Absorption costing can be used for external reporting, managers need to review the effect of their decision on financial reporting to outsiders whereas Variable costing can be used by managers to review the effect of management decisions on production, costs and profits. References: Absorption, Variable, and Throughput Costing. Retrieved on December15, 2004 from http://www.kellogg.nwu.edu/faculty/balachan/htm/Acct439/Solutions/solution_manual19.doc Hilton, Ronald W: Cost Management: Strategies for Business Decisions, Second Edition: Marshall: Accounting, What the Numbers Mean, Sixth Edition: 3-8 Turner, Robert M: Ethics and professionalism: the CPA in industry, April1990. Retrieved on December15, 2004 from http://www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/old/08416230.htm

Banyan Tree Case Study Essay

Banyan Tree offers a unique experience with its hotel and spa experiences in the South East Asian region. Labeling itself as an aspirational brand, the company was established by the Ho family in 1992 and has boasted a gross profit of $52. 1 million in 2006. Its superior branding, excellent corporate social responsibility practices and its careful investment and expansion strategies attribute to its success. As the company goes public it faces the new possibilities, offered through increased capital, and new challenges such as demands imposed by shareholders. How will the company continue to expand its profitability while preventing brand dilution through overexpansion? Key issues Branding Banyan Tree is an exclusive brand, catering to affluent travellers. In order to expand its customer base, Banyan Tree launched a brand, Angsana, which meets the needs of a broader customer base. Angsana does not currently operate in the same regions as Banyan Tree hotels, this separation has occurred to prevent cannibalization and dilution of the brand. While being effective, this reduces the number of locations in a given area. Spreading the company’s resources and knowledge over many regions may not be cost effective. Banyan Tree should continue to be cautious in expansion but not over cautious as to limit the brands` profitability. The brand has also been extended to offer spa services, retail outlets and other shops. The company continues to manage its brand portfolio while preserving its distinctive identity and strong brand image. The strong brand image has allowed Banyan Tree to open 3 brands of spas throughout the world. Opening spas is one way Banyan tree can build an image, gain regional knowledge and assess profitability prior to opening a resort in that area or location. Banyan Tree relies on customer experience as its strongest promotional tool. Delivering a consistent product may be challenging in the service industry because of the products’ intangible product nature, employees must be properly trained in order to continue to deliver superior service. As Banyan Tree continues to grow it must ensure through recruitment and training that the services delivered continue to be consistent, a challenging and important issue in any service offering. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Banyan Tree operates under strong CSR principles including building and operating resorts with minimal environmental damage and involvement in community development and environmental projects. Banyan Tree is an international company, it is important that it continues to gain the support of local governments, who will assist and support Banyan Tree, should any conflicts arise. The CSR principles also affect the brands image, and the company should continue to operate under these principles to deliver a consistent, positive brand image. These CSR efforts are noticeable in developing countries and the media coverage has helped build the brand’s image and credibility. These guiding principles should continue to be implemented as the entire brand communications strategy has been based on third party endorsements and word-of-mouth and public relations. Business operations Banyan Tree operates a variety of profitable business segments, including hotel investment and management, spa operations, gallery operations, property sales and design and other services. The largest percentage of profits comes from hotel investment and the second largest percentage is derived from property sales. Banyan Tree conducts property sales primarily in Thailand, where laws prevent foreigners from owning land, Banyan Tree sells resort residences on the land, and leases the land to the buyers allowing foreigner investors to â€Å"own† property in Thailand under local law. Property sales can be volatile and risky, it is an important factor in the profitability of Banyan for any given year, but the company should continue to realize that hotel investment and other business segments are the core of the company’s operations. Currently Banyan Tree resorts are almost exclusively in the South East Asian region. The concentration of business in this region exposes the company to risk should natural disasters or other crises occur in the area. Banyan Tree has a successful business model which could be replicated in other emerging tourist destinations globally. Banyan Tree should expand its operations outside of the area in order to diversify its operating risk. As Banyan expands its locations it must continue to ensure that hotels and spas are built surrounded by natural beauty, as this continues to be a key part of brand distinction. Initial Public Offering (IPO) Banyan Tree was recently offered as a publically traded company. This will allow an expansion of the company’s capital in order for it to continue expansion. It also changes the operating atmosphere the company faces. The shift from private investment to public investment requires some change in operating procedures as well as new demands from shareholders. Banyan needs to manage and meet these new demands while maintaining its core values and company image. Competition As South East Asia gains popularity as a tourist destination, both Banyan Tree and Angsana are facing increased competition. The Banyan Tree resorts face competition from other niche hotels, customer preference in this product category include quality, brand recognition, location and the scope of the amenities. As competition increases, customers tend to become more price sensitive as the number of options increases. One way to ensure that Banyan Tree highlights its exclusivity is to draw the attention of critics in order to increase the rating of their resort locations. The Angsana resorts are facing competition from mainstream luxury hotel chains, such as four seasons and Shangri-La Hotels and resorts. These competitors are huge, boasting over 50 hotel locations, their size allows them to maintain a stronger brand image. Strategy and Conclusion Banyan Tree has consistently offered customers a unique experience at both its resorts and spas. The unique design highlights the characteristics of the natural beauty surrounding its select locations. It continues to meet the needs of this high end, niche market with its superior service. Previously run exclusively by the Ho family, after the initial public offering, must ensure that its brand image and exceptional service delivery are not diluted by shareholder demands for higher profit margins. Branding and corporate responsibility will continue to be an important factor in the company’s operations and marketing strategy. Banyan Tree should continue to use the Angsana brand to broaden its customer base but focus on retaining Banyan Tree as its core brand because of its limited competition and premium profit margins. This successful brand continues to expand its operations, currently the company operates heavily in the South East Asian region, Growth strategy 1. Resource allocation tradeoff. The challenge is to balance two distinct brands Banyan Tree and Anagsana. And differentiate them without diluting either, the leading brand Banyan Tree in particular. 2. Banyan Tree needs to keep innovating and exceeding customer expectations which require substantial resources, management focus, and control of the brand portfolio to stay relevant and competitive. 3. Although the entire brand is based on the unique Asian touch and cultural heritage, Banyan Tree has to evaluate its relevance and sustainability carefully as it enters new territories. It can localize its offerings to better suit the local tastes and environments, but Banyan Tree should be sensible about the extent of localization.

Sociology Term Paper Topics

Sociology Term Paper Topics Sociology is a course, where you are involved in studying human nature and human behavior. Some students poorly face the problem of writing a sociology term paper. They are stumbled with each and every step of the process of writing a sociology term paper. The basic idea of writing a good sociology term paper is to write in a good, understandable manner, explaining all the concepts of the sociology term paper.   The topic of the sociology term paper plays an enormous role in the whole sociology term paper. A bad topic can ruin even the best writing. When you need to write a sociology term paper for your class, you may be confused by various sociology term paper topics, and yet you won’t be able to find the sociology term paper topic you really want.   In this case we may suggest some common topics, which are very popular and interesting: 1. Human depression, why is it happening, and what is the outcome 2. How to avoid and decrease the violence at schools and colleges 3. Taking drugs, is it anatomical or psychological disease. 4. Main reasons of domestic violence, and the outcomes. 5. How to be appreciated, praised and rated righteously. 6. The effects of modern television on young people. 7. The impact of internet in the life of every person. 8. Rules and laws of fashion 9. What role do parents play in the life of a young man? 10. The influence of music. When choosing a topic for your sociology term paper, always write everything down, what comes to your mind. If you dont – a really good and even brilliant idea can easily be forgotten under the pressure of other thoughts outside the topic. When deciding what to write all you have to remember is that the information you write in the sociology term paper is not that important as the way the sociology term paper is written.   You have to put in maximum efforts in order to get the best sociology term paper written. When you are about to start writing a sociology term paper, try to find inspiration in things that happen and are around you. A paper written without inspiration on a routine topic annoys everybody who is involved.   It makes you bored with the whole writing process, while you were supposed to be excited, that you have a chance to write an exciting sociology term paper. All the best grades are saved for the most original sociology term papers. If you sit down and try to think outside the box – you might be able to get the best grade ever possible and have a chance to amaze your professor in the way neither you nor him expected to be amazed. Never try to write on a topic you are not fully in to. When you start writing – you will be able to express yourself freely, only if you are 100% in the topic, and know everything about it. On the other hand – your professor might not be very interested in the topic you choose, so you better try to find a good balance of the topic, for it to be original and fascinating for you as well as for your professor. When writing the term paper itself – always reserve a lot of time for revising and making amendments. You have to be able to seize everything in your paper and be able to achieve the greatest standards.

Mandarin Chinese Dialogue for Beginners

Mandarin Chinese Dialogue for Beginners This lesson will introduce often used Mandarin Chinese vocabulary and show how it can be used in simple conversation. New vocabulary words include teacher, busy, very, also, and more. These terms can come in handy in school, whether you are addressing a teacher or telling your classmates your busy with homework. How? You will be able to read and hear example dialogue at the end of the lesson. Audio links are marked with ââ€" º to help with pronunciation and listening comprehension. Listen without reading the characters first to see if you can understand what is being said. Or, repeat after the audio link to see if your tones are correct. As a general note for beginners, it is important to make a habit of always using the proper tone when first learning Mandarin Chinese. The meaning of your words can change if you use the wrong tone. You have not learned a new word until you can pronounce it with its proper tone. New Vocabulary è€ Ã¥ ¸ « (traditional form)è€ Ã¥ ¸Ë† (simplified form)ââ€" ºlÇŽo shÄ «Teacher Ã¥ ¿â„¢ ââ€" ºmngbusy Ã¥ ¾Ë† ââ€" ºhÄ›nvery å‘ ¢ ââ€" ºne​question particle ä ¹Å¸ ââ€" ºyě​also é‚ £ ââ€" ºnso; in that case Dialogue 1: Pinyin A: ââ€" ºLaoshi hÇŽo. Nà ­n mng bà ¹ mng?B: ââ€" ºHÄ›n mng. NÇ  ne?A: ââ€" ºWÇ’ yÄ› hÄ›n mng.B: ââ€" ºNa, yÄ « huÄ ­r jin le.A: ââ€" ºHuà ­ tà ³u jin. Dialogue 1: Traditional Form A: è€ Ã¥ ¸ «Ã¥ ¥ ½, æ‚ ¨Ã¥ ¿â„¢Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ¿â„¢?B: Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¿â„¢. ä ½  Ã¥â€˜ ¢?A: 我ä ¹Å¸Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¿â„¢B: é‚ £,ä ¸â‚¬Ã¦Å"Æ'å…’è ¦â€¹Ã¤ ºâ€ A: 回é   ­Ã¨ ¦â€¹ Dialogue 1: Simplified Form A: è€ Ã¥ ¸Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½, æ‚ ¨Ã¥ ¿â„¢Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ¿â„¢?B: Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¿â„¢. ä ½  Ã¥â€˜ ¢?A: 我ä ¹Å¸Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¿â„¢B: é‚ £,ä ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã¥â€ž ¿Ã¨ § Ã¤ ºâ€ A: 回å ¤ ´Ã¨ §  Dialogue 1: English A: Hello teacher, are you busy?B: Very busy, and you?A: I am also very busy.B: In that case, I’ll see you later.A: See you later. Dialogue 2: Pinyin A: JÄ «ntiÄ n nÇ  yo zuà ² shà ©nme?B: LÇŽoshÄ « gÄ›i wÇ’ ti duÃ…  zuà ²yà ¨! WÇ’ jÄ «ntiÄ n hÄ›n mng. NÇ  ne?A: WÇ’ yÄ›yÇ’u hÄ›nduÃ…  zuà ²yà ¨. N wÇ’men yÄ «qÇ  zuà ² zuo yà ¨ ba. Dialogue 2: Traditional Form A: ä »Å Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¤ ½  Ã¨ ¦ Ã¥ Å¡Ã¤ »â‚¬Ã© º ¼B: è€ Ã¥ ¸ «Ã§ µ ¦Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ¥ ¤Å¡Ã¤ ½Å"æ ¥ ­Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ »Å Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¿â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ ½  Ã¥â€˜ ¢A: 我ä ¹Å¸Ã¦Å"‰å ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¤ ½Å"æ ¥ ­Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ©â€š £Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥â‚¬â€˜Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¨ µ ·Ã¥ Å¡Ã¤ ½Å"æ ¥ ­Ã¥  §Ã£â‚¬â€š Dialogue 2: Simplified Form A: ä »Å Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¤ ½  Ã¨ ¦ Ã¥ Å¡Ã¤ »â‚¬Ã¤ ¹Ë†B: è€ Ã¥ ¸Ë†Ã§ »â„¢Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ¥ ¤Å¡Ã¤ ½Å"ä ¸Å¡Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ »Å Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¿â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ ½  Ã¥â€˜ ¢A: 我ä ¹Å¸Ã¦Å"‰å ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¤ ½Å"ä ¸Å¡Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ©â€š £Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ » ¬Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¨ µ ·Ã¥ Å¡Ã¤ ½Å"ä ¸Å¡Ã¥  §Ã£â‚¬â€š Dialogue 2: English A: What do you want to do today?B: The teacher gave me too much homework! I will be busy today. What about you?A: I also have a lot of homework. In that case, lets do homework together then.

Colonies and Great Britain between 1763 and 1776 Article

Colonies and Great Britain between 1763 and 1776 - Article Example Ironically, even though there was political isolation between the colonies and Britain, a majority of the colonies remained loyal to Britain and the British Parliament was recognized as the only source of governmental authority. The close relations between Britain and the colonies led to economic prosperity for both Britain and America especially because all the colonies’ economies relied on the British trade; the colonies also relied on Britain for protection from their enemies. However, these relations gradually deteriorated with time between the period namely1763 to 1776 and eventually, a revolution was certain; this paper will analyze the breakdown of relations between the colonies and Great Britain between 1763 and 1776 that led to the American Revolution. The analysis will pay particular attention to all of the acts that Great Britain imposed upon the colonies that led to discontent among both â€Å"common† and â€Å"elite† Americans. ... All the lands that had been held by the French were ceded to the British through the Paris treaty of 1763, and Britain gained total control of the territory stretching from the East coast to Mississippi river. Events that took place in the aftermath are largely responsible for the drift in relations between the colonies and Britain; great dissatisfaction in the colonies after the war arose following these events and this eventually instigated the American Revolution. Prior to the American Revolution, an underlying philosophy that was gaining popularity in the colonies was the American Enlightenment; this philosophy played a critical role in arousing political awareness in the colonies that were initially content being under Britain. Some of the major ideological principles of American Enlightenment include concepts such as liberalism, republicanism, and fear of corruption; a majority of people in the colonies begun to accept these concepts and this was the beginning of a robust intel lectual environment. In this respect, the philosophy of American Enlightenment was very significant in paving the way for revolution; by embracing the values of American Enlightenment, a majority of people in the colonies acquired a new sense of political and social identity. One of the greatest proponents of American Enlightenment whose ideas on liberty greatly influenced the political thinking behind the revolution is John Locke; this scholar has been regarded as the mastermind of the American Revolution because his concepts of social contract, natural rights, and born free and equal have been very influential.  

Los Zetas Drug cartel as an Explanation of Marginalization and Research Paper

Los Zetas Drug cartel as an Explanation of Marginalization and Violence in Mexican Politics - Research Paper Example Los Zetas operates successfully as a criminal gang due to its affiliation to powerful politicians in the provinces that it controls. The influence of drug cartels in Mexican politics is historical with wide ramifications on the people of the area. Los Zetas explains the historical and current trend of marginalization, violence, corruption and influence of illegal drugs on Mexican politics. This people will discuss by giving illustrations on how Los Zetas explains marginalization, violence, corruption and illegal drugs influence in Mexican politics. Background of Los Zetas Los Zetas started as security group for the top members of the gulf cartel in 1999. The founding members of Los Zetas were fourteen former Mexican Special forces who offered security services for the Gulf cartel, which is considered the most notorious drug cartel in Mexican history. Osiel Cardenas Guillen who was a member of the gulf cartel since the Mid 90’s founded Los Zetas. With the help of three Military personnel, Guillen managed to consolidate himself as the kingpin of the group on the Mexican gulf through the elimination of his rivals in the Gulf cartel. The ruthless and professionalism of the group made it easy for Guillen to effectively scare and take over the territories of his enemies. By 2004, Guillen had been captured and his main bodyguard Arturo Guzman had been killed. The remaining members of the group took over the reins but with Guillen still controlling the group. Accusations of Guillen and Los Zetas being protected by powerful politicians in the state of Tamaulipas has always been considered as one of the reason that made it easy for Guillen to operate easily in the gulf of Mexico. ... Los Zetas transformed itself into a full drug cartel with the weakening of the Gulf cartel and the ascendancy of Heriberto Lazcano who was a founding member of the security group. Los Zetas success is attributed to the disintegration of the Gulf cartel. By 2010, Los Zetas had fully made itself independent from the gulf cartel and with Lazcano as its head, furthermore, the group recruited its members from states as far as Texas in the US and in Guatemala. it increased its financial base from being simply a drug cartel, into assassins for hire, running prostitution rings, casinos, music piracy, controlling the mining industry and even working as muscles for some politicians. Currently, Los Zetas and its allies face the rivalry from the Sinaola cartel, which is the other powerful cartel in Mexico. Areas that Los Zetas controls Los Zetas is considered a newer drug cartel compared to its rivals. It is estimated that los Zetas controls 11 states or more in Mexico. Apart from Mexico, Los Ze tas can be found actively in Texas and in Guatemala. The drug cartel is considered the biggest one in geographical terms when compared to the Siniola drug cartel, which is the chief rival of the group. Los Zetas is found in states such as Nuevo Laredo, Coahuila, tabasco, Gulf of Mexico, Yucatan, Chiapas, Guerrero, Michoacan, Oacxaca and even parts of Mexico City. The group has become ruthless because of its ability to recruit corrupt members of the police force. The group is also known to have training camps where members of Guatemala military train new recruits. All those happens even in the presence of elected government, judicial and police officials. Marginalization as a cause of thriving of Los Zetas success In order to understand the success of Los